diff --git a/include/linux/pagemap.h b/include/linux/pagemap.h
index df232c0003de..17a18aed632b 100644
--- a/include/linux/pagemap.h
+++ b/include/linux/pagemap.h
@@ -882,8 +882,7 @@ static inline bool wake_page_match(struct wait_page_queue *wait_page,
 
 void __folio_lock(struct folio *folio);
 int __folio_lock_killable(struct folio *folio);
-bool __folio_lock_or_retry(struct folio *folio, struct mm_struct *mm,
-				unsigned int flags);
+vm_fault_t __folio_lock_or_retry(struct folio *folio, struct vm_fault *vmf);
 void unlock_page(struct page *page);
 void folio_unlock(struct folio *folio);
 
@@ -997,11 +996,13 @@ static inline int lock_page_killable(struct page *page)
  * Return value and mmap_lock implications depend on flags; see
  * __folio_lock_or_retry().
  */
-static inline bool folio_lock_or_retry(struct folio *folio,
-		struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned int flags)
+static inline vm_fault_t folio_lock_or_retry(struct folio *folio,
+					     struct vm_fault *vmf)
 {
 	might_sleep();
-	return folio_trylock(folio) || __folio_lock_or_retry(folio, mm, flags);
+	if (!folio_trylock(folio))
+		return __folio_lock_or_retry(folio, vmf);
+	return 0;
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/mm/filemap.c b/mm/filemap.c
index 695d92428173..ab91e60d2d29 100644
--- a/mm/filemap.c
+++ b/mm/filemap.c
@@ -1707,32 +1707,34 @@ static int __folio_lock_async(struct folio *folio, struct wait_page_queue *wait)
 
 /*
  * Return values:
- * true - folio is locked; mmap_lock is still held.
- * false - folio is not locked.
+ * 0 - folio is locked.
+ * non-zero - folio is not locked.
  *     mmap_lock has been released (mmap_read_unlock(), unless flags had both
  *     FAULT_FLAG_ALLOW_RETRY and FAULT_FLAG_RETRY_NOWAIT set, in
  *     which case mmap_lock is still held.
  *
- * If neither ALLOW_RETRY nor KILLABLE are set, will always return true
+ * If neither ALLOW_RETRY nor KILLABLE are set, will always return 0
  * with the folio locked and the mmap_lock unperturbed.
  */
-bool __folio_lock_or_retry(struct folio *folio, struct mm_struct *mm,
-			 unsigned int flags)
+vm_fault_t __folio_lock_or_retry(struct folio *folio, struct vm_fault *vmf)
 {
+	struct mm_struct *mm = vmf->vma->vm_mm;
+	unsigned int flags = vmf->flags;
+
 	if (fault_flag_allow_retry_first(flags)) {
 		/*
 		 * CAUTION! In this case, mmap_lock is not released
-		 * even though return 0.
+		 * even though return VM_FAULT_RETRY.
 		 */
 		if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_RETRY_NOWAIT)
-			return false;
+			return VM_FAULT_RETRY;
 
 		mmap_read_unlock(mm);
 		if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_KILLABLE)
 			folio_wait_locked_killable(folio);
 		else
 			folio_wait_locked(folio);
-		return false;
+		return VM_FAULT_RETRY;
 	}
 	if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_KILLABLE) {
 		bool ret;
@@ -1740,13 +1742,13 @@ bool __folio_lock_or_retry(struct folio *folio, struct mm_struct *mm,
 		ret = __folio_lock_killable(folio);
 		if (ret) {
 			mmap_read_unlock(mm);
-			return false;
+			return VM_FAULT_RETRY;
 		}
 	} else {
 		__folio_lock(folio);
 	}
 
-	return true;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c
index d1df4eac9d13..53b1759524a7 100644
--- a/mm/memory.c
+++ b/mm/memory.c
@@ -3638,6 +3638,7 @@ static vm_fault_t remove_device_exclusive_entry(struct vm_fault *vmf)
 	struct folio *folio = page_folio(vmf->page);
 	struct vm_area_struct *vma = vmf->vma;
 	struct mmu_notifier_range range;
+	vm_fault_t ret;
 
 	/*
 	 * We need a reference to lock the folio because we don't hold
@@ -3650,9 +3651,10 @@ static vm_fault_t remove_device_exclusive_entry(struct vm_fault *vmf)
 	if (!folio_try_get(folio))
 		return 0;
 
-	if (!folio_lock_or_retry(folio, vma->vm_mm, vmf->flags)) {
+	ret = folio_lock_or_retry(folio, vmf);
+	if (ret) {
 		folio_put(folio);
-		return VM_FAULT_RETRY;
+		return ret;
 	}
 	mmu_notifier_range_init_owner(&range, MMU_NOTIFY_EXCLUSIVE, 0, vma,
 				vma->vm_mm, vmf->address & PAGE_MASK,
@@ -3762,7 +3764,6 @@ vm_fault_t do_swap_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
 	bool exclusive = false;
 	swp_entry_t entry;
 	pte_t pte;
-	int locked;
 	vm_fault_t ret = 0;
 	void *shadow = NULL;
 
@@ -3887,12 +3888,9 @@ vm_fault_t do_swap_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
 		goto out_release;
 	}
 
-	locked = folio_lock_or_retry(folio, vma->vm_mm, vmf->flags);
-
-	if (!locked) {
-		ret |= VM_FAULT_RETRY;
+	ret |= folio_lock_or_retry(folio, vmf);
+	if (ret & VM_FAULT_RETRY)
 		goto out_release;
-	}
 
 	if (swapcache) {
 		/*