diff --git a/src/libstore/build/derivation-building-goal.cc b/src/libstore/build/derivation-building-goal.cc
index 3d6595012..e8df06564 100644
--- a/src/libstore/build/derivation-building-goal.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/build/derivation-building-goal.cc
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ void DerivationBuildingGoal::timedOut(Error && ex)
     killChild();
     // We're not inside a coroutine, hence we can't use co_return here.
     // Thus we ignore the return value.
-    [[maybe_unused]] Done _ = done(BuildResult::TimedOut, {}, std::move(ex));
+    [[maybe_unused]] Done _ = doneFailure({BuildResult::TimedOut, std::move(ex)});
 }
 
 /**
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ Goal::Co DerivationBuildingGoal::gaveUpOnSubstitution()
                 nrFailed,
                 nrFailed == 1 ? "dependency" : "dependencies");
         msg += showKnownOutputs(worker.store, *drv);
-        co_return done(BuildResult::DependencyFailed, {}, Error(msg));
+        co_return doneFailure(BuildError(BuildResult::DependencyFailed, msg));
     }
 
     /* Gather information necessary for computing the closure and/or
@@ -360,9 +360,9 @@ Goal::Co DerivationBuildingGoal::gaveUpOnSubstitution()
 
             auto resolvedResult = resolvedDrvGoal->buildResult;
 
-            SingleDrvOutputs builtOutputs;
-
             if (resolvedResult.success()) {
+                SingleDrvOutputs builtOutputs;
+
                 auto resolvedHashes = staticOutputHashes(worker.store, drvResolved);
 
                 StorePathSet outputPaths;
@@ -412,13 +412,19 @@ Goal::Co DerivationBuildingGoal::gaveUpOnSubstitution()
                 }
 
                 runPostBuildHook(worker.store, *logger, drvPath, outputPaths);
+
+                auto status = resolvedResult.status;
+                if (status == BuildResult::AlreadyValid)
+                    status = BuildResult::ResolvesToAlreadyValid;
+
+                co_return doneSuccess(status, std::move(builtOutputs));
+            } else {
+                co_return doneFailure({
+                    BuildResult::DependencyFailed,
+                    "build of resolved derivation '%s' failed",
+                    worker.store.printStorePath(pathResolved),
+                });
             }
-
-            auto status = resolvedResult.status;
-            if (status == BuildResult::AlreadyValid)
-                status = BuildResult::ResolvesToAlreadyValid;
-
-            co_return done(status, std::move(builtOutputs));
         }
 
         /* If we get this far, we know no dynamic drvs inputs */
@@ -543,7 +549,7 @@ Goal::Co DerivationBuildingGoal::tryToBuild()
         debug("skipping build of derivation '%s', someone beat us to it", worker.store.printStorePath(drvPath));
         outputLocks.setDeletion(true);
         outputLocks.unlock();
-        co_return done(BuildResult::AlreadyValid, std::move(validOutputs));
+        co_return doneSuccess(BuildResult::AlreadyValid, std::move(validOutputs));
     }
 
     /* If any of the outputs already exist but are not valid, delete
@@ -705,7 +711,7 @@ Goal::Co DerivationBuildingGoal::tryToBuild()
             } catch (BuildError & e) {
                 outputLocks.unlock();
                 worker.permanentFailure = true;
-                co_return done(BuildResult::InputRejected, {}, std::move(e));
+                co_return doneFailure(std::move(e));
             }
 
             /* If we have to wait and retry (see below), then `builder` will
@@ -752,7 +758,7 @@ Goal::Co DerivationBuildingGoal::tryToBuild()
         builder.reset();
         outputLocks.unlock();
         worker.permanentFailure = true;
-        co_return done(BuildResult::InputRejected, {}, std::move(e));
+        co_return doneFailure(std::move(e)); // InputRejected
     }
 
     started();
@@ -764,7 +770,7 @@ Goal::Co DerivationBuildingGoal::tryToBuild()
     // N.B. cannot use `std::visit` with co-routine return
     if (auto * ste = std::get_if<0>(&res)) {
         outputLocks.unlock();
-        co_return done(std::move(ste->first), {}, std::move(ste->second));
+        co_return doneFailure(std::move(*ste));
     } else if (auto * builtOutputs = std::get_if<1>(&res)) {
         StorePathSet outputPaths;
         for (auto & [_, output] : *builtOutputs)
@@ -777,7 +783,7 @@ Goal::Co DerivationBuildingGoal::tryToBuild()
            (unlinked) lock files. */
         outputLocks.setDeletion(true);
         outputLocks.unlock();
-        co_return done(BuildResult::Built, std::move(*builtOutputs));
+        co_return doneSuccess(BuildResult::Built, std::move(*builtOutputs));
     } else {
         unreachable();
     }
@@ -922,7 +928,7 @@ Goal::Co DerivationBuildingGoal::hookDone()
 
         /* TODO (once again) support fine-grained error codes, see issue #12641. */
 
-        co_return done(BuildResult::MiscFailure, {}, BuildError(msg));
+        co_return doneFailure(BuildError{BuildResult::MiscFailure, msg});
     }
 
     /* Compute the FS closure of the outputs and register them as
@@ -949,7 +955,7 @@ Goal::Co DerivationBuildingGoal::hookDone()
     outputLocks.setDeletion(true);
     outputLocks.unlock();
 
-    co_return done(BuildResult::Built, std::move(builtOutputs));
+    co_return doneSuccess(BuildResult::Built, std::move(builtOutputs));
 }
 
 HookReply DerivationBuildingGoal::tryBuildHook()
@@ -1131,10 +1137,11 @@ void DerivationBuildingGoal::handleChildOutput(Descriptor fd, std::string_view d
             killChild();
             // We're not inside a coroutine, hence we can't use co_return here.
             // Thus we ignore the return value.
-            [[maybe_unused]] Done _ = done(
+            [[maybe_unused]] Done _ = doneFailure(BuildError(
                 BuildResult::LogLimitExceeded,
-                {},
-                Error("%s killed after writing more than %d bytes of log output", getName(), settings.maxLogSize));
+                "%s killed after writing more than %d bytes of log output",
+                getName(),
+                settings.maxLogSize));
             return;
         }
 
@@ -1295,13 +1302,27 @@ SingleDrvOutputs DerivationBuildingGoal::assertPathValidity()
     return validOutputs;
 }
 
-Goal::Done
-DerivationBuildingGoal::done(BuildResult::Status status, SingleDrvOutputs builtOutputs, std::optional<Error> ex)
+Goal::Done DerivationBuildingGoal::doneSuccess(BuildResult::Status status, SingleDrvOutputs builtOutputs)
 {
-    outputLocks.unlock();
     buildResult.status = status;
-    if (ex)
-        buildResult.errorMsg = fmt("%s", Uncolored(ex->info().msg));
+
+    assert(buildResult.success());
+
+    mcRunningBuilds.reset();
+
+    buildResult.builtOutputs = std::move(builtOutputs);
+    if (status == BuildResult::Built)
+        worker.doneBuilds++;
+
+    worker.updateProgress();
+
+    return amDone(ecSuccess, std::nullopt);
+}
+
+Goal::Done DerivationBuildingGoal::doneFailure(BuildError ex)
+{
+    buildResult.status = ex.status;
+    buildResult.errorMsg = fmt("%s", Uncolored(ex.info().msg));
     if (buildResult.status == BuildResult::TimedOut)
         worker.timedOut = true;
     if (buildResult.status == BuildResult::PermanentFailure)
@@ -1309,18 +1330,12 @@ DerivationBuildingGoal::done(BuildResult::Status status, SingleDrvOutputs builtO
 
     mcRunningBuilds.reset();
 
-    if (buildResult.success()) {
-        buildResult.builtOutputs = std::move(builtOutputs);
-        if (status == BuildResult::Built)
-            worker.doneBuilds++;
-    } else {
-        if (status != BuildResult::DependencyFailed)
-            worker.failedBuilds++;
-    }
+    if (ex.status != BuildResult::DependencyFailed)
+        worker.failedBuilds++;
 
     worker.updateProgress();
 
-    return amDone(buildResult.success() ? ecSuccess : ecFailed, std::move(ex));
+    return amDone(ecFailed, {std::move(ex)});
 }
 
 } // namespace nix
diff --git a/src/libstore/build/derivation-check.cc b/src/libstore/build/derivation-check.cc
index 7473380fa..c5b489b23 100644
--- a/src/libstore/build/derivation-check.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/build/derivation-check.cc
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include <queue>
 
 #include "nix/store/store-api.hh"
+#include "nix/store/build-result.hh"
 
 #include "derivation-check.hh"
 
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ void checkOutputs(
         auto applyChecks = [&](const DerivationOptions::OutputChecks & checks) {
             if (checks.maxSize && info.narSize > *checks.maxSize)
                 throw BuildError(
+                    BuildResult::OutputRejected,
                     "path '%s' is too large at %d bytes; limit is %d bytes",
                     store.printStorePath(info.path),
                     info.narSize,
@@ -63,6 +65,7 @@ void checkOutputs(
                 uint64_t closureSize = getClosure(info.path).second;
                 if (closureSize > *checks.maxClosureSize)
                     throw BuildError(
+                        BuildResult::OutputRejected,
                         "closure of path '%s' is too large at %d bytes; limit is %d bytes",
                         store.printStorePath(info.path),
                         closureSize,
@@ -83,6 +86,7 @@ void checkOutputs(
                         std::string outputsListing =
                             concatMapStringsSep(", ", outputs, [](auto & o) { return o.first; });
                         throw BuildError(
+                            BuildResult::OutputRejected,
                             "derivation '%s' output check for '%s' contains an illegal reference specifier '%s',"
                             " expected store path or output name (one of [%s])",
                             store.printStorePath(drvPath),
@@ -115,6 +119,7 @@ void checkOutputs(
                         badPathsStr += store.printStorePath(i);
                     }
                     throw BuildError(
+                        BuildResult::OutputRejected,
                         "output '%s' is not allowed to refer to the following paths:%s",
                         store.printStorePath(info.path),
                         badPathsStr);
diff --git a/src/libstore/build/derivation-goal.cc b/src/libstore/build/derivation-goal.cc
index dc28225b5..b9046744a 100644
--- a/src/libstore/build/derivation-goal.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/build/derivation-goal.cc
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ Goal::Co DerivationGoal::haveDerivation()
 
         /* If they are all valid, then we're done. */
         if (checkResult && checkResult->second == PathStatus::Valid && buildMode == bmNormal) {
-            co_return done(BuildResult::AlreadyValid, checkResult->first);
+            co_return doneSuccess(BuildResult::AlreadyValid, checkResult->first);
         }
 
         Goals waitees;
@@ -122,12 +122,10 @@ Goal::Co DerivationGoal::haveDerivation()
         assert(!drv->type().isImpure());
 
         if (nrFailed > 0 && nrFailed > nrNoSubstituters && !settings.tryFallback) {
-            co_return done(
+            co_return doneFailure(BuildError(
                 BuildResult::TransientFailure,
-                {},
-                Error(
-                    "some substitutes for the outputs of derivation '%s' failed (usually happens due to networking issues); try '--fallback' to build derivation from source ",
-                    worker.store.printStorePath(drvPath)));
+                "some substitutes for the outputs of derivation '%s' failed (usually happens due to networking issues); try '--fallback' to build derivation from source ",
+                worker.store.printStorePath(drvPath)));
         }
 
         nrFailed = nrNoSubstituters = 0;
@@ -137,7 +135,7 @@ Goal::Co DerivationGoal::haveDerivation()
         bool allValid = checkResult && checkResult->second == PathStatus::Valid;
 
         if (buildMode == bmNormal && allValid) {
-            co_return done(BuildResult::Substituted, checkResult->first);
+            co_return doneSuccess(BuildResult::Substituted, checkResult->first);
         }
         if (buildMode == bmRepair && allValid) {
             co_return repairClosure();
@@ -281,7 +279,7 @@ Goal::Co DerivationGoal::repairClosure()
                 "some paths in the output closure of derivation '%s' could not be repaired",
                 worker.store.printStorePath(drvPath));
     }
-    co_return done(BuildResult::AlreadyValid, assertPathValidity());
+    co_return doneSuccess(BuildResult::AlreadyValid, assertPathValidity());
 }
 
 std::optional<std::pair<Realisation, PathStatus>> DerivationGoal::checkPathValidity()
@@ -339,12 +337,27 @@ Realisation DerivationGoal::assertPathValidity()
     return checkResult->first;
 }
 
-Goal::Done
-DerivationGoal::done(BuildResult::Status status, std::optional<Realisation> builtOutput, std::optional<Error> ex)
+Goal::Done DerivationGoal::doneSuccess(BuildResult::Status status, Realisation builtOutput)
 {
     buildResult.status = status;
-    if (ex)
-        buildResult.errorMsg = fmt("%s", Uncolored(ex->info().msg));
+
+    assert(buildResult.success());
+
+    mcExpectedBuilds.reset();
+
+    buildResult.builtOutputs = {{wantedOutput, std::move(builtOutput)}};
+    if (status == BuildResult::Built)
+        worker.doneBuilds++;
+
+    worker.updateProgress();
+
+    return amDone(ecSuccess, std::nullopt);
+}
+
+Goal::Done DerivationGoal::doneFailure(BuildError ex)
+{
+    buildResult.status = ex.status;
+    buildResult.errorMsg = fmt("%s", Uncolored(ex.info().msg));
     if (buildResult.status == BuildResult::TimedOut)
         worker.timedOut = true;
     if (buildResult.status == BuildResult::PermanentFailure)
@@ -352,19 +365,12 @@ DerivationGoal::done(BuildResult::Status status, std::optional<Realisation> buil
 
     mcExpectedBuilds.reset();
 
-    if (buildResult.success()) {
-        assert(builtOutput);
-        buildResult.builtOutputs = {{wantedOutput, std::move(*builtOutput)}};
-        if (status == BuildResult::Built)
-            worker.doneBuilds++;
-    } else {
-        if (status != BuildResult::DependencyFailed)
-            worker.failedBuilds++;
-    }
+    if (ex.status != BuildResult::DependencyFailed)
+        worker.failedBuilds++;
 
     worker.updateProgress();
 
-    return amDone(buildResult.success() ? ecSuccess : ecFailed, std::move(ex));
+    return amDone(ecFailed, {std::move(ex)});
 }
 
 } // namespace nix
diff --git a/src/libstore/derivation-options.cc b/src/libstore/derivation-options.cc
index 1acb9dc03..630159629 100644
--- a/src/libstore/derivation-options.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/derivation-options.cc
@@ -265,7 +265,8 @@ DerivationOptions::getParsedExportReferencesGraph(const StoreDirConfig & store)
         StorePathSet storePaths;
         for (auto & storePathS : ss) {
             if (!store.isInStore(storePathS))
-                throw BuildError("'exportReferencesGraph' contains a non-store path '%1%'", storePathS);
+                throw BuildError(
+                    BuildResult::InputRejected, "'exportReferencesGraph' contains a non-store path '%1%'", storePathS);
             storePaths.insert(store.toStorePath(storePathS).first);
         }
         res.insert_or_assign(fileName, storePaths);
diff --git a/src/libstore/include/nix/store/build-result.hh b/src/libstore/include/nix/store/build-result.hh
index 58138ed45..a743aa387 100644
--- a/src/libstore/include/nix/store/build-result.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/include/nix/store/build-result.hh
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 #pragma once
 ///@file
 
-#include "nix/store/realisation.hh"
-#include "nix/store/derived-path.hh"
-
 #include <string>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <optional>
 
+#include "nix/store/derived-path.hh"
+#include "nix/store/realisation.hh"
+
 namespace nix {
 
 struct BuildResult
@@ -90,6 +90,26 @@ struct BuildResult
     }
 };
 
+/**
+ * denotes a permanent build failure
+ */
+struct BuildError : public Error
+{
+    BuildResult::Status status;
+
+    BuildError(BuildResult::Status status, BuildError && error)
+        : Error{std::move(error)}
+        , status{status}
+    {
+    }
+
+    BuildError(BuildResult::Status status, auto &&... args)
+        : Error{args...}
+        , status{status}
+    {
+    }
+};
+
 /**
  * A `BuildResult` together with its "primary key".
  */
diff --git a/src/libstore/include/nix/store/build/derivation-builder.hh b/src/libstore/include/nix/store/build/derivation-builder.hh
index 94a3ffae8..c4f709456 100644
--- a/src/libstore/include/nix/store/build/derivation-builder.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/include/nix/store/build/derivation-builder.hh
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ struct DerivationBuilder : RestrictionContext
      * more information. The second case indicates success, and
      * realisations for each output of the derivation are returned.
      */
-    virtual std::variant<std::pair<BuildResult::Status, Error>, SingleDrvOutputs> unprepareBuild() = 0;
+    virtual std::variant<BuildError, SingleDrvOutputs> unprepareBuild() = 0;
 
     /**
      * Stop the in-process nix daemon thread.
diff --git a/src/libstore/include/nix/store/build/derivation-building-goal.hh b/src/libstore/include/nix/store/build/derivation-building-goal.hh
index 95949649c..38f0fc7bf 100644
--- a/src/libstore/include/nix/store/build/derivation-building-goal.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/include/nix/store/build/derivation-building-goal.hh
@@ -170,7 +170,9 @@ struct DerivationBuildingGoal : public Goal
 
     void started();
 
-    Done done(BuildResult::Status status, SingleDrvOutputs builtOutputs = {}, std::optional<Error> ex = {});
+    Done doneSuccess(BuildResult::Status status, SingleDrvOutputs builtOutputs);
+
+    Done doneFailure(BuildError ex);
 
     void appendLogTailErrorMsg(std::string & msg);
 
diff --git a/src/libstore/include/nix/store/build/derivation-goal.hh b/src/libstore/include/nix/store/build/derivation-goal.hh
index d9042d136..85b471e28 100644
--- a/src/libstore/include/nix/store/build/derivation-goal.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/include/nix/store/build/derivation-goal.hh
@@ -99,13 +99,9 @@ private:
 
     Co repairClosure();
 
-    /**
-     * @param builtOutput Must be set if `status` is successful.
-     */
-    Done done(
-        BuildResult::Status status,
-        std::optional<Realisation> builtOutput = std::nullopt,
-        std::optional<Error> ex = {});
+    Done doneSuccess(BuildResult::Status status, Realisation builtOutput);
+
+    Done doneFailure(BuildError ex);
 };
 
 } // namespace nix
diff --git a/src/libstore/include/nix/store/store-api.hh b/src/libstore/include/nix/store/store-api.hh
index 987ed4d48..7d019ea21 100644
--- a/src/libstore/include/nix/store/store-api.hh
+++ b/src/libstore/include/nix/store/store-api.hh
@@ -24,11 +24,6 @@
 
 namespace nix {
 
-MakeError(SubstError, Error);
-/**
- * denotes a permanent build failure
- */
-MakeError(BuildError, Error);
 MakeError(InvalidPath, Error);
 MakeError(Unsupported, Error);
 MakeError(SubstituteGone, Error);
diff --git a/src/libstore/local-store.cc b/src/libstore/local-store.cc
index a66a97866..7872d4f93 100644
--- a/src/libstore/local-store.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/local-store.cc
@@ -1002,7 +1002,10 @@ void LocalStore::registerValidPaths(const ValidPathInfos & infos)
             }},
             {[&](const StorePath & path, const StorePath & parent) {
                 return BuildError(
-                    "cycle detected in the references of '%s' from '%s'", printStorePath(path), printStorePath(parent));
+                    BuildResult::OutputRejected,
+                    "cycle detected in the references of '%s' from '%s'",
+                    printStorePath(path),
+                    printStorePath(parent));
             }});
 
         txn.commit();
diff --git a/src/libstore/misc.cc b/src/libstore/misc.cc
index c794f8d06..8de41fe19 100644
--- a/src/libstore/misc.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/misc.cc
@@ -322,7 +322,10 @@ StorePaths Store::topoSortPaths(const StorePathSet & paths)
         }},
         {[&](const StorePath & path, const StorePath & parent) {
             return BuildError(
-                "cycle detected in the references of '%s' from '%s'", printStorePath(path), printStorePath(parent));
+                BuildResult::OutputRejected,
+                "cycle detected in the references of '%s' from '%s'",
+                printStorePath(path),
+                printStorePath(parent));
         }});
 }
 
diff --git a/src/libstore/posix-fs-canonicalise.cc b/src/libstore/posix-fs-canonicalise.cc
index a889938c9..b6a64e65b 100644
--- a/src/libstore/posix-fs-canonicalise.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/posix-fs-canonicalise.cc
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ static void canonicalisePathMetaData_(
        (i.e. "touch $out/foo; ln $out/foo $out/bar"). */
     if (uidRange && (st.st_uid < uidRange->first || st.st_uid > uidRange->second)) {
         if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) || !inodesSeen.count(Inode(st.st_dev, st.st_ino)))
-            throw BuildError("invalid ownership on file '%1%'", path);
+            throw BuildError(BuildResult::OutputRejected, "invalid ownership on file '%1%'", path);
         mode_t mode = st.st_mode & ~S_IFMT;
         assert(
             S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)
diff --git a/src/libstore/store-api.cc b/src/libstore/store-api.cc
index fad79a83e..d96be5965 100644
--- a/src/libstore/store-api.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/store-api.cc
@@ -770,6 +770,7 @@ StorePathSet Store::exportReferences(const StorePathSet & storePaths, const Stor
     for (auto & storePath : storePaths) {
         if (!inputPaths.count(storePath))
             throw BuildError(
+                BuildResult::InputRejected,
                 "cannot export references of path '%s' because it is not in the input closure of the derivation",
                 printStorePath(storePath));
 
diff --git a/src/libstore/unix/build/derivation-builder.cc b/src/libstore/unix/build/derivation-builder.cc
index 3140c716d..0de12badc 100644
--- a/src/libstore/unix/build/derivation-builder.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/unix/build/derivation-builder.cc
@@ -47,7 +47,13 @@
 
 namespace nix {
 
-MakeError(NotDeterministic, BuildError);
+struct NotDeterministic : BuildError
+{
+    NotDeterministic(auto &&... args)
+        : BuildError(BuildResult::NotDeterministic, args...)
+    {
+    }
+};
 
 /**
  * This class represents the state for building locally.
@@ -186,7 +192,7 @@ public:
 
     void startBuilder() override;
 
-    std::variant<std::pair<BuildResult::Status, Error>, SingleDrvOutputs> unprepareBuild() override;
+    std::variant<BuildError, SingleDrvOutputs> unprepareBuild() override;
 
 protected:
 
@@ -421,7 +427,7 @@ bool DerivationBuilderImpl::prepareBuild()
     return true;
 }
 
-std::variant<std::pair<BuildResult::Status, Error>, SingleDrvOutputs> DerivationBuilderImpl::unprepareBuild()
+std::variant<BuildError, SingleDrvOutputs> DerivationBuilderImpl::unprepareBuild()
 {
     // FIXME: get rid of this, rely on RAII.
     Finally releaseBuildUser([&]() {
@@ -494,7 +500,10 @@ std::variant<std::pair<BuildResult::Status, Error>, SingleDrvOutputs> Derivation
             if (diskFull)
                 msg += "\nnote: build failure may have been caused by lack of free disk space";
 
-            throw BuildError(msg);
+            throw BuildError(
+                !derivationType.isSandboxed() || diskFull ? BuildResult::TransientFailure
+                                                          : BuildResult::PermanentFailure,
+                msg);
         }
 
         /* Compute the FS closure of the outputs and register them as
@@ -510,12 +519,7 @@ std::variant<std::pair<BuildResult::Status, Error>, SingleDrvOutputs> Derivation
         return std::move(builtOutputs);
 
     } catch (BuildError & e) {
-        BuildResult::Status st = dynamic_cast<NotDeterministic *>(&e)        ? BuildResult::NotDeterministic
-                                 : statusOk(status)                          ? BuildResult::OutputRejected
-                                 : !derivationType.isSandboxed() || diskFull ? BuildResult::TransientFailure
-                                                                             : BuildResult::PermanentFailure;
-
-        return std::pair{std::move(st), std::move(e)};
+        return std::move(e);
     }
 }
 
@@ -683,7 +687,7 @@ void DerivationBuilderImpl::startBuilder()
                 fmt("\nNote: run `%s` to run programs for x86_64-darwin",
                     Magenta("/usr/sbin/softwareupdate --install-rosetta && launchctl stop org.nixos.nix-daemon"));
 
-        throw BuildError(msg);
+        throw BuildError(BuildResult::InputRejected, msg);
     }
 
     auto buildDir = store.config->getBuildDir();
@@ -1373,6 +1377,7 @@ SingleDrvOutputs DerivationBuilderImpl::registerOutputs()
         auto optSt = maybeLstat(actualPath.c_str());
         if (!optSt)
             throw BuildError(
+                BuildResult::OutputRejected,
                 "builder for '%s' failed to produce output path for output '%s' at '%s'",
                 store.printStorePath(drvPath),
                 outputName,
@@ -1387,6 +1392,7 @@ SingleDrvOutputs DerivationBuilderImpl::registerOutputs()
         if ((!S_ISLNK(st.st_mode) && (st.st_mode & (S_IWGRP | S_IWOTH)))
             || (buildUser && st.st_uid != buildUser->getUID()))
             throw BuildError(
+                BuildResult::OutputRejected,
                 "suspicious ownership or permission on '%s' for output '%s'; rejecting this build output",
                 actualPath,
                 outputName);
@@ -1423,7 +1429,11 @@ SingleDrvOutputs DerivationBuilderImpl::registerOutputs()
         {[&](const std::string & name) {
             auto orifu = get(outputReferencesIfUnregistered, name);
             if (!orifu)
-                throw BuildError("no output reference for '%s' in build of '%s'", name, store.printStorePath(drvPath));
+                throw BuildError(
+                    BuildResult::OutputRejected,
+                    "no output reference for '%s' in build of '%s'",
+                    name,
+                    store.printStorePath(drvPath));
             return std::visit(
                 overloaded{
                     /* Since we'll use the already installed versions of these, we
@@ -1445,6 +1455,7 @@ SingleDrvOutputs DerivationBuilderImpl::registerOutputs()
         {[&](const std::string & path, const std::string & parent) {
             // TODO with more -vvvv also show the temporary paths for manual inspection.
             return BuildError(
+                BuildResult::OutputRejected,
                 "cycle detected in build of '%s' in the references of output '%s' from output '%s'",
                 store.printStorePath(drvPath),
                 path,
@@ -1538,11 +1549,12 @@ SingleDrvOutputs DerivationBuilderImpl::registerOutputs()
         auto newInfoFromCA = [&](const DerivationOutput::CAFloating outputHash) -> ValidPathInfo {
             auto st = get(outputStats, outputName);
             if (!st)
-                throw BuildError("output path %1% without valid stats info", actualPath);
+                throw BuildError(BuildResult::OutputRejected, "output path %1% without valid stats info", actualPath);
             if (outputHash.method.getFileIngestionMethod() == FileIngestionMethod::Flat) {
                 /* The output path should be a regular file without execute permission. */
                 if (!S_ISREG(st->st_mode) || (st->st_mode & S_IXUSR) != 0)
                     throw BuildError(
+                        BuildResult::OutputRejected,
                         "output path '%1%' should be a non-executable regular file "
                         "since recursive hashing is not enabled (one of outputHashMode={flat,text} is true)",
                         actualPath);
@@ -1644,6 +1656,7 @@ SingleDrvOutputs DerivationBuilderImpl::registerOutputs()
                            valid. */
                         miscMethods->noteHashMismatch();
                         delayedException = std::make_exception_ptr(BuildError(
+                            BuildResult::OutputRejected,
                             "hash mismatch in fixed-output derivation '%s':\n  specified: %s\n     got:    %s",
                             store.printStorePath(drvPath),
                             wanted.to_string(HashFormat::SRI, true),
@@ -1652,6 +1665,7 @@ SingleDrvOutputs DerivationBuilderImpl::registerOutputs()
                     if (!newInfo0.references.empty()) {
                         auto numViolations = newInfo.references.size();
                         delayedException = std::make_exception_ptr(BuildError(
+                            BuildResult::OutputRejected,
                             "fixed-output derivations must not reference store paths: '%s' references %d distinct paths, e.g. '%s'",
                             store.printStorePath(drvPath),
                             numViolations,
diff --git a/src/libstore/unix/build/linux-derivation-builder.cc b/src/libstore/unix/build/linux-derivation-builder.cc
index b92d05607..39b8f09ae 100644
--- a/src/libstore/unix/build/linux-derivation-builder.cc
+++ b/src/libstore/unix/build/linux-derivation-builder.cc
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ struct ChrootLinuxDerivationBuilder : ChrootDerivationBuilder, LinuxDerivationBu
             throw SysError("setuid failed");
     }
 
-    std::variant<std::pair<BuildResult::Status, Error>, SingleDrvOutputs> unprepareBuild() override
+    std::variant<BuildError, SingleDrvOutputs> unprepareBuild() override
     {
         sandboxMountNamespace = -1;
         sandboxUserNamespace = -1;
diff --git a/tests/functional/dyn-drv/failing-outer.sh b/tests/functional/dyn-drv/failing-outer.sh
index 3feda74fb..596efe43d 100644
--- a/tests/functional/dyn-drv/failing-outer.sh
+++ b/tests/functional/dyn-drv/failing-outer.sh
@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ expected=100
 if [[ -v NIX_DAEMON_PACKAGE ]]; then expected=1; fi # work around the daemon not returning a 100 status correctly
 
 expectStderr "$expected" nix-build ./text-hashed-output.nix -A failingWrapper --no-out-link \
-    | grepQuiet "build of '.*use-dynamic-drv-in-non-dynamic-drv-wrong.drv' failed"
+    | grepQuiet "build of resolved derivation '.*use-dynamic-drv-in-non-dynamic-drv-wrong.drv' failed"