Add "inherit-as-list" syntax construct to the Nix language

rfcs/0110-inherit-as-list.md

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+---
+feature: inherit-as-list
+start-date: 2021-10-17
+author: Ryan Burns (@r-burns)
+co-authors: (find a buddy later to help out with the RFC)
+shepherd-team: (names, to be nominated and accepted by RFC steering committee)
+shepherd-leader: (name to be appointed by RFC steering committee)
+related-issues: (will contain links to implementation PRs)
+---
+
+# Summary
+[summary]: #summary
+
+This RFC proposes a new Nix syntax `inherit (<attrset>) [ <attrnames> ]`, which
+constructs a list from the values of an attrset.
+
+The goal is to provide a similarly-terse but more principled alternative
+to the often-used `with <attrset>; [ <attrnames> ]`.
+
+# Motivation
+[motivation]: #motivation
+
+It is currently cumbersome to create a list from the values of an attrset.
+If one has an attrset `attrs` and wishes to create a list containing some of
+its values, one could naively write:
+
+```nix
+[ attrs.a attrs.b attrs.c ]
+```
+
+To avoid typing `attrs` many times, one will typically use `with` instead:
+
+```nix
+with attrs; [ a b c ]
+```
+
+However, the `with` expression has many well-known drawbacks, such as
+unintuitive shadowing behavior [1], prevention of static scope checking [2],
+and reduced evaluation performance [2].
+
+* [1] https://github.com/NixOS/nix/issues/1361
+* [2] https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/pull/101139
+
+Nonetheless, Nix expression authors are subtly guided toward the `with` form
+because it is (or at least appears) simpler than any existing alternatives.
+
+The goal of this RFC is to provide a similarly-terse alternative which avoids
+these drawbacks.
+
+# Detailed design
+[design]: #detailed-design
+
+The proposed expression syntax is:
+
+```nix
+inherit (attrs) [ a b c ]
+```
+
+The `inherit` keyword is intentionally reused so as to not add any new
+keywords to the Nix grammar.
+
+As this expression is currently a syntax error, a Nix interpreter which
+supports this language feature will be compatible with existing Nix code.
+
+An implementation PR is pending.
+
+For MVP functionality, only minor additions to `src/libexpr/parser.y` are
+needed. If accepted, the changes to the Nix interpreter can be backported
+to current releases if desired. Relevant language documentation and
+third-party parsers/linters would also need to be updated.
+
+# Examples and Interactions
+[examples-and-interactions]: #examples-and-interactions
+
+This would be useful for many languages and frameworks in Nixpkgs which
+extract packages from a package set argument.
+
+For example, `python3.withPackages (ps: inherit (ps) [ ... ])` will serve as a
+more fine-grained alternative to `python3.withPackages (ps: with ps; [ ... ])`.
+This would apply similarly to `vim.withPlugins`, `lua.withPackages`, etc.
+
+Certain list-typed `meta` fields could also make use of this feature, e.g.:
+```nix
+meta.licenses = inherit (lib.licenses) [ bsd3 mit ];
+meta.maintainers = inherit (lib.maintainers) [ johndoe janedoe ];
+```
+
+And build inputs which are commonly extracted from attrsets:
+```nix
+buildInputs = inherit (darwin.apple_sdk.frameworks) [
+  IOKit
+] ++ inherit (llvmPackages) [
+  llvm
+];
+```
+
+# Drawbacks
+[drawbacks]: #drawbacks
+
+* This will add complexity to the Nix grammar and any third-party tools which
+  operate on Nix expressions.
+* Expressions reliant on the new syntax will be incompatible with
+  Nix versions prior to the introduction of this feature.
+
+# Alternatives
+[alternatives]: #alternatives
+
+* Skillful use of `with` to avoid its drawbacks
+* Fine-grained attribute selection via existing (more verbose) language
+  features, such as `builtins.attrValues (inherit (attrs) a b c;)`
+
+# Unresolved questions
+[unresolved]: #unresolved-questions
+
+How would this feature be adopted, if accepted?
+
+# Future work
+[future]: #future-work
+
+Determine best practices regarding when this language construct should be used